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sickle cell crisis | sickle cell anemia

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Malaria | Plasmodium | female anopheles

MALARIA:

•Pathogen: Plasmodium.

• Species of plasmodium
 1. P. vivax
 2. P. malariae
 3. P. ovale
 4. P. falciparum

°Malignant malaria caused by P. falciparum is fatal.

•Organs affected: liver, RBC.
•Method of transmission:
by biting of female anopheles mosquito (vector)
•Symptoms:
 -high fever and chill,
 -fever occurs on every alternate day,
 -vomiting.

 •life cycle of malaria parasite:

 >  Life cycle of plasmodium starts with inoculation of sporozoites (infective stage) through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

> The parasite initially multiplied within the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in their rupture.

> There is release of a toxic substance called hemozoin from the ruptured RBCs which responsible for the chill and high fever.

>From the infected human the parasite enters into the body of Anopheles mosquito during biting and sucking blood.

>  Further development takes place in the body of Anopheles mosquitoes.

> The female mosquito takes up gametocytes with the blood meal.

> Formation of gametes and fertilization takes place in the intestine of mosquito.

> The zygote develops further and forms thousands of sporozoites which migrated into the salivary gland of mosquito.

> When the mosquito bite another human sporozoites are injected.

> The malarial parasite requires two hosts – human and Anopheles, to complete their life cycle.
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