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Juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA)

JUXTA GLOMERULAR APPARATUS (JGA) •Defination It is a specialised organ situated near the glomerulus of each nephron. • Structure of JGA It is formed by three structures- 1. Macula densa 2. Juxta glomerular cells 3. Extra glomerular mesangial cells 1. Macula densa- - it is situated between afferent and efferent arterioles of the nephron. - it is very close to afferent arteriole. - it is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells. 2. Juxta glomerular cells- - also called granular cells  Because they contain secretary granules in their cytoplasm. - JG cells are smooth muscle cells. - JG cells situated in the wall of afferent arteriole just before it enters the bowman capsule. - JG cells are mostly present in tunica media and tunica adventitia of the wall of afferent arteriole. # Polar cushion / polkissen It is a thick cuff that is formed by JG cells around the afferent arteriole before it enters the bowman capsule. 3. Extra glomerular mesangial cells- Also called-...
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Tetanus | tetany | Hypoparathyroidism | Hypocalcemia | Disorder of parathyroid gland | hypercalcaemia | hyperparathyroidism

[Disorder of parathyroid gland]- There are two types of parathyroid disorder- 1. Hypoparathyroidism 2. Hyperparathyroidism 1. Hypoparathyroidism ( Hypocalcemia) • Hypo secretion of PTH(parathormone), leads to decrease in blood calcium level. Causes of hypoparathyroidism- a. Parathyroidectomy Surgical removal of parathyroid gland b. Thyroidectomy During Surgival removal of thyroid gland , removal of parathyroid gland c. Pseudo hypoparathyroidism •  There is deficiency of receptors for parathormone (PTH) in target cells, • in this the secretion of PTH is normal or may be increased but hormone can not act on the target cells. d. Autoimmune disease >Effect of Hypoparathyroidism- • due to decrease in resorption of calcium from bones hypoparathyroidism leads to Hypocalcemia. • it causes neuromuscular hyperexcitability , resulting in hypocalcemic tetany. * Normally tetany occurs when plasma calcium level decreases below 6mg/dl. # normal plasma calcium lev...
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Addison disease | adrenal crisis | adrenal Insufficiency | addisonian crisis | skin pigmentation

ADDISON DISEASE - Chronic adrenal insufficiency • if adrenal cortex fails to secrete corticosteroids it is known as addison disease.   TYPES OF ADDISON DISEASE 3types 1. Primary addison disease 2. Secondary addison disease 3. Nursery addison disease 1. Primary addison disease It occurs due to adrenal cause. 2. Secondary addison disease It occurs due to failure of anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH. 3. Tertiary addison disease it occurs due to failure of hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) CAUSES OF PRIMARY ADDISON DISEASE a. Destruction of the gland because of Tuberculosis. b. destruction of hormone secreting cells in adrenal cortex by malignant tissues. c. Congenital failure to secrete cortisol. d. Adrenalectomy ( surgical removal of adrenal gland) and failure to take hormone therapy. e. Atrophy of adrenal cortex due to autoimmune disease. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS signs and symptoms develop in addison disease because of deficiency o...
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