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ARDS (Adult respiratory distress syndrome) Hyaline membrane disease

ARDS

Also called

 - Hyaline membrane disease - shock lung - Diffuse alveolar damage - Acute lung injury

General introduction-
It occurs due to absence of surfactant in infants that causes collapse of lungs. The deficiency of surfactant increases the susceptibility for bacterial and viral infections. It is characterized by damage to alveolar cells (pneumocytes)type2.

 Causes of ARDS

Infections,
 Physical factors are (Head injury , Smoking, Irritant gases , Drowning.
Chemical factors are  Aspirin , Heroin ,Organic solvents.

others causes are  Multiple transfusion , Uremia, Pancreatitis, DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation).

Morphological features of myasthenia gravis

- Interstitial and intra alveolar edema with lining of alveoli with hyaline membranes composed of fibrin rich edema fluid and lipid tenants of epithelial cells.

Clinical features of myasthenia gravis

• Dyspnea (Difficulty in breathing)
• Tachypnea (abnormal rapid breathing)
• Respiratory failure
• Cyanosis
• Hypoxemia (low level of oxygen in blood)

Chest X-ray shows-
 - Bilateral diffuse infiltration ( white out lung)
 - Multiple reticulogranular densities (ground glass appearance).

Prevention of myasthenia gravis

- Delaying the onset of labour
- Administration of glucocorticoids to the mother
[ Steroids increase the formation of surfactant lipids and proteins thereby decreasing the respiratory distress]

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

° administration of artificial surfactant
° administration of oxygen using high frequency ventilation.


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