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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. An estimated 257 million people are living with hepatitis B virus infection (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen positive). In 2015, hepatitis B resulted in 887 000 deaths, mostly from complications (including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Hepatitis B is an important occupational hazard for health workers. However, it can be prevented by the currently available safe and effective vaccine. Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. A vaccine against hepatitis B has been available since 1982. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and the development of ...

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis. There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and  E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Hepatitis a and e are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or b...

Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen. Symptoms of anemia : fatigue occur because organs aren't getting what they need to function properly. Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U.S. It affects about 5.6% of the people in the U.S.  Women, young children, and people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of anemia. Important factors to remember are Certain forms of anemia are hereditary and infants may be affected at the time of birth . Women in the childbearing years are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency anemia because of the blood loss from menstruation and the increased blood supply demands during pregnancy. Older adults also may have a greater risk of developing anemia becaus...

Stroke- Presentation of stroke- Sudden onset focal deficit of cerebral function is the most common presentation. Alternative presentation include apparent confusion ( due to dysphasia or visualpatial impairment), seizures, declining level of consciousness or global loss of brain function and coma . If the symptoms last for >24 hrs ( or lead to death) and there is no apparent cause other than a vascular event,the diagnosis is most likely to be a stroke.if the symptoms last < 24 hrs and after adequate investigation, are presumed to be due to thrombosis or embolism, the diagnosis is a TIA.( Transient ischemic attack) CAUSE: Thrombosis or embolism causing cerebral infarction ( 80%) Primary inter cerebral haemorrhage (15%) Subarachnoid haemorrhage (5%) Cerebral venous thrombosis (1%) RISK FACTOR: GLOBAL Increasing age Hypertension Diabetes Family history Dyslipidemia Homocysteinaemia LIFESTYLE Drug abuse Smoking O...

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY MNEMONICS HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors  (statins):  side effects, contraindications, interactions HMG - C oA: *Side effects: H epatotoxicity M yositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]    *Contraindications: G irl during pregnancy/  G rowing children    *Interactions: C oumarin/  C yclosporine Lead poisoning :  presentation ABCDEFG : A nemia B asophilic stripping C olicky pain D iarrhea E ncephalopathy F oot drop G um (lead line) Lithium :  side effects LITHIUM : L eukocytes  I ncreased (leukocytosis) T remors H ypothyroidism I ncreased  U rine M oms beware (teratogenic) Lupus :  drugs inducing it SHIPPP : S ulfonamides H ydralazine I NH P rocanimide P enicillamine P henytoin MAOIs :   indications MAOI ' S : M elancholic [classic name for atypical depression] A nxiety O besity disorders [anorexia, bulemia] I magined illnesses [hypochondr...