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What is Nipah virus? Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection (subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis. The case fatality rate is estimated at 40% to 75%. This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management. Nipah virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (such as bats or pigs), or contaminated  foods and can also be transmitted directly from human-to-human. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of Nipah virus. There is no treatment or vaccine available for either people or animals. The primary treatment for humans is supportive care. The 2018 review of the WHO list of Blueprint priority diseases indicates that there is an urgent need for accelerated research and development for the Nipah virus. Alt

Influenza,flu, H1N1  Introduction Influenza, commonly known as the “flu”, is an acute infection of the respiratory tract caused by influenza viruses.  There are three types of seasonal influenza viruses – A, B and C . Influenza A viruses are further categorized into subtypes. The 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (hereafter referred to as influenza A(H1N1)pdm09) which appeared for the first time in 2009 causing a global influenza pandemic, is now a seasonal influenza virus that co-circulates with other seasonal viruses (namely influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B viruses). Influenza viruses are genetically dynamic and evolve in unpredictable ways. Influenza viruses are further classified into strains based upon antigenic properties. Humoral immunity to influenza viruses is generally thought to be strain-specific and acquired through infection or vaccination. Seasonal influenza epidemics can be caused by new virus strains that are antigenically distinct from previously ci